About Proof of Engel's Theorem

[HDB1]

in the Proof of Engel's Theorem. (3.3), p. 13:

please, how we get this step:

##L / Z(L)## evidently consists of ad-nilpotent elements and has smaller dimension than ##L##.
Using induction on ##\operatorname{dim} L##, we find that ##L / Z(L)## is nilpotent.

Thanks in advance,

 

[fresh_42]

We know that ##L## consists of ad-nilpotent matrices. (Condition of Engel's theorem.)
This means ##(\operatorname{ad}x)^n=0## for every ##x\in L## and some ##n.##

For the induction step, we need ad-nilpotent matrices of a smaller size.
(i) ##Z(L)\neq 0.## (theorem 3.3)
(ii) Since ##(i)## holds we have ##\dim \left(L/Z(L)\right)<\dim (L)##

(iii) ##L/Z(L)## is ad-nilpotent.
Proof: Take an element ##x+Z(L)\in L/Z(L).## Then ##\operatorname{ad}(x+Z(L))(y+Z(L))=[x,y]+Z(L).## Thus
\begin{align*}
(\operatorname{ad}(x+Z(L)))^n(y)&=[x,[x,[x,[x,[x,\ldots[x,y]\ldots ]]]]]+Z(L)=(\operatorname{ad}_L(x))^n(y)+Z(L)
\end{align*}
Since ##x\in L## is an ad-nilpotent element, we end up with ##(\operatorname{ad}(x+Z(L)))^n(y)=0+Z(L)## if ##n## is only large enough. But that means that ##x+Z(L)\in L/Z(L)## is ad-nilpotent so we can apply the induction hypothesis.

(iv) Induction hypothesis: ##L/Z(L)## is nilpotent.
(v) ##L## is nilpotent by proposition 3.2 (b)

 

[HDB1]

Thank you so much, @fresh_42 ,

please, is the opposite direction of Engel's theorem, true? do you have any example of this theorem, please?

 

[fresh_42]

please, is the opposite direction of Engel's theorem, true?

I think so, let's see. Engel says: all ##\operatorname{ad}X## with ##X\in L## nilpotent, then ##L## is nilpotent.

This is definitely the stronger part because it says that from ##[X,[X,[X,\ldots[X,A]\ldots]]]=0## we can conclude that ##[X,[Y,[Z,\ldots[W,A]\ldots]]]=0.## So turning the direction seems to be trivial.

If ##L## is nilpotent and ##X\in L## then ##\{0\}=L^n=[L,[L,[L,\ldots[L,L]\ldots]]]## and in particular ##[X,[X,[X,\ldots[X,A]\ldots]]]=(\operatorname{ad}^n(X))(A)=0## for all ##A\in L.##

You must learn to use the definitions of those terms. Then many answers will come in naturally.

do you have any example of this theorem, please?

Consider the Heisenberg algebra ##\left\{\begin{pmatrix}0&a&b\\0&0&c\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}\right\}.## Set
$$
A=\begin{pmatrix}0&1&0\\0&0&0\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}\, , \,B=\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1\\0&0&0\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}\, , \,C=\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0\\0&0&1\\0&0&0\end{pmatrix}
$$
as basis vectors.

 

[HDB1]

Thank you so much, @fresh_42 .