Voltage, electric potential difference, electromotive force (emf), electric pressure or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points, which (in a static electric field) is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two points. In the International System of Units, the derived unit for voltage (potential difference) is named volt. In SI units, work per unit charge is expressed as joules per coulomb, where 1 volt = 1 joule (of work) per 1 coulomb (of charge). The old SI definition for volt used power and current; starting in 1990, the quantum Hall and Josephson effect were used, and recently (2019) fundamental physical constants have been introduced for the definition of all SI units and derived units. Voltage or electric potential difference is denoted symbolically by ∆V, simplified V, or U, for instance in the context of Ohm's or Kirchhoff's circuit laws.
Electric potential differences between points can be caused physically by electric charge build up or imbalance (eg. well known "static" and electronic capacitor) also by electric current through a magnetic field, and by time-varying magnetic fields (eg. dynamo or generator), or some combination of these three. Additionally on a macroscopic scale potential difference can be caused by electrochemical processes (cells and batteries) and pressure induced piezoelectric effect and heat induced emf across metal junctions. These latter processes at microscopic level have the physical origins previously mentioned. A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage (or potential difference) between two points in a system; often a common reference potential such as the ground of the system is used as one of the points. A voltage may represent either a source of energy (electromotive force) or lost, used, or stored energy (potential drop).
Quick question, is 5 milliamps at household voltage like 240 dangerous? See many conflicting views on this, official accounts state that on an electric shock chart, 5ma is nowhere near the level needed to cause any damage but some electricians on reddit say with low body resistance even low...
I reviewed some of the fundamental physics and I looked back at the equation for Electric potential at a point p:
$$V(p) = k \sum_{i} {\frac {q_i} {r_i}}$$
where
- p is the point at which the potential is evaluated;
- ri is the distance between point p and point i at which there is a nonzero...
In electrical circuit there are three resistors and a battery connected in series. After the first two resistors, there is a point connected to the ground. Why is the voltage difference between the ground point and the positive of the battery not 10 volts?
In that circuit, I think that the...
Hi! I tried by using the Thevenin. Later using Vth and Rth to calculate Vs(0.1ms).
After that I divided the voltage from E over R1 and R3.
The circuit and my attempt:
Hi there,
I have done an experiment measuring the voltage across the terminals of a dc motor, whilst running and then by holding it with my fingers to stop it. Done as demo for my high school class.
The voltage reading was higher when the motor was running, which was against my expectations as...
(a) Substituting the values, I get ##X_L=100\ \Omega##, ##X_C=666.67\ \Omega##.
From this, I get ##Z=601\ \Omega##, ##I=49.9\ mA##
##V_R=9.98\ V##, ##V_L=4.99\ V##, ##V_C=33.3\ V##
(b) It's possible for the voltage amplitude across the capacitor to be greater than the voltage amplitude across...
So my question is that if i put other lead of multimeter to my hand and other lead to socket 230 phase wire why it shows 150 volts when i stand at floor and 80 volts when i stand at carpet? what causes those voltages? And yes i know doing that could be dangerous. It also shows weird voltage if i...
I use a 12V battery to power a DC booster circuit. After just a moment, my battery's voltage decreased, causing the booster circuit to also decrease its voltage. Is there any way to make the battery last longer without losing voltage? Thanks
I don't know if the capacitance of a capacitor is large, the capacitor will discharge with greater intensity than other capacitors with the same voltage but smaller capacitance, right? Thanks
I have a CCTV camera using the ordinary 12 volts AC to DC adaptor that has higher voltage (like 15 volt) when there is no load. I decided to buy a Meanwell adaptor but the datasheet (below) I got doesn't give the no load voltage.
What do you call power adaptor in which the voltage is higher at...
So far this is what I have:
I have the power source, two triple in a battery case, negative to the T emitter, T output to the (-) of motor, T base through a resistor to the switch, switch to the (+) of motor.
I tried wiring the Led to this junction and the switch, but either the motor or the...
The reading on the voltmeter is 0.
I figure the potential drop through line AB must be the same as the potential drop through AC (since voltmeter is zero). As such, the 10 Ohm resistor has the same as the effective resistance of the parallel branch.
1/10 = 1/8 + 1/R
1/R = -0.025
R = -40 Ohms...
If we connect an inductor without ohmic resistance to the alternating voltage source, voltage should induce in the inductor because of the Faraday's law. Voltage is induced by changing magnetic flux through the inductor which is accomplished by alternating current through it. Therefore, in order...
In a simple circuit consisted of a battery and a resistor, how is potential difference actually established on the resistor?
My understanding is that battery creates the electric field which propagates through space at the speed of light. Resistor is put inside this field and therefore...
I am bit confused with voltage potential terminology again to basics
When it is referred as Voa it is Voltage of "o" wrt "a". Is it correct?
But other major question is
as per the document
I would have written KVL as Voa - I1 * Z = Vn. I am really confused with notation used.
Playing around with electricity and magnetism. Well, trying to anyways. Wound some wire up and down the length of a 4" screw several times. Thought when I spun the magnet close to the coil I would get a detectable amount of current on my voltmeter. Anyone know why I'm not reading anything? I...
It seems that in this example Joe measured the difference ##V_{1,+}-V_{1,-}=1.4V## and then ##V_{2,+}-V_{2,-}=0.8999999V##.
Shouldn't one of these be negative? That is if current is flowing clockwise, then shouldn't we have
##V_{2,+}-V_{2,-}=-0.8999999V##? And if the current is...
Hi I have a question. I am currently in the middle of a uni project where I am discussing electrical safety of water and I want to work out what the current would be at mains electricity voltage. (240V) I have done many calculations and have eventually got values by calculating resistance at low...
So my attempt was
I1*jXl1+I2*jXm=I2*(jXl2-jXc2) + I1*jXm
because they are parallel so they should have the same voltage.
I got
I1=-3*I2.
I know that J=6-j4 and that J=I1+I2 so I just plugged in what I got and I ended up getting the result for I2 and I1.
But they are not correct.
Why?
I am given...
Provided the length of the arc of an electrostatic generator is 7 cm, can we state that its voltage is around 210,000 V?
(details as per link below)
https://photos.app.goo.gl/MKSpviQwPh9eS5jZ7
I find the current first, which is 2 A. Then the voltmeter reading would be 10 V - 1 x 2 = 8 V.
But the answer is 12 V.
I don't understand why it should be 10 + 1 x 2 = 12 V
Thanks
Hello! I need a voltage divider where the input is between -10 and 10 V and the output is between -4 and 4 V. I would need something with a bandwidth of 1 (maybe even 10) MHz. Can someone recommend me a reliable product (the price plays a role, too, so being cheaper would be also useful)? Thank you!
Hi, I just got two inquiries:
My understanding is that the saturation current is reached when the intensity of light is fixed, when the potential difference is at its positive maximum magnitude. Subsequently, whatever kinetic energy store of any photoelectrons, however deep within the metal's...
Hello! I am trying to control a laser frequency (locking it to a cavity) using a servo (implementing a PID loop). The servo can output voltages between -10 V and 10 V while the laser can only take between -4 V and 4 V. What is the best way to make sure that the voltage to the laser stays below 4...
Hello! I have this photodiode which I connect to an oscilloscope using a normal BNC cable to an oscilloscope, terminated with a 50 Ohm resistor. I measure the output from an optical cavity (which is basically laser light), which in my case looks like a flat signal close to zero, and regular...
If a current flowing within a loop is interrupted by a switch a spark occurs at some point which is a result of the built up potential across the opening switch contacts due to the stored energy in the magnetic field that was created by the flowing current.
But what happens if I have a loop...
I was thinking about doing KVL around the circuit at the right but I noticed when the switch opens, the current through the circuit at the right is not the same throughout
-5 + Ic*2*1-^3 + Ic*10^3 = -Vc
Ic is not the same around the right circuit so I am stuck....
The end goal is I need to convert a sinusoidal into a square wave using a zero crossing circuit. I have a voltage that ranges from 0 to 400vrms @70kHz from a capacitor that is part of an induction heater tank circuit. My comparator has a peak differential input of +/- 35v so I need to reduce the...
Apparently, we need to integrate the functions from 0 to the time when it is fully charged. However, I integrated in terms of t so the soultion (according to a graph programme) should be around 236 Vs but I don’t see how this could help me.
Here is the figure mentioned above.
My thinking is that for maximum current, resistance must be minimum. Thus, R1 is not considered which means the voltage drop of R2 is 10V. So, R2 is 1kohm. For minimum, I=2mA, so R1+R2=5kohm, since R2 is 1kohm, R1 must be 4kohm. This is how I deduce. However...
In this figure, I suppose the maximum voltage is when R2=1kohm and the minimum voltage is when R2=0kohm, which means R2 is a variable resistor. Is the way I think is correct or not? Please give me suggestions. Thank you.
Hello,
What is the voltage of a voltaic cell? Some sources claim it's 1.1 V (the difference of potentials of zinc and copper). But I've also seen its being claimed to be 0.76 V (the difference of potentials of zinc and hydrogen). I know that zinc and hydrogen are the ones undergoing redox...
A changing current in a transformer primary produces a changing magnetic field, which induces a voltage in the secondary (correct?), but if no circuits are closed on the secondary, there's no current in the secondary (and therefore primary as well). So how is this voltage induced?
Hello everyone,
I have this circuit and I need to determine the interference voltage.
I am not sure, where the interference voltage is applied and how to determine it. I think the interference voltage is uv nad my equivalent circuit looks like this:
Am I in heading into the right direction...
Okay so I am a little confused as to where I made a mistake. I couldn't figure out how to program Latex into this website but I attached a file with the work I did and an explanation of my thought process along the way.
The below is the diagram i want to find the phase and line-line voltage relation
I am finding difficulty in identifying the loop and applying the KVL.
One attempt is
U_{VA} - U_R - U_L -U_O - U_L - U_R = U_VB
U_{VA} - 2(U_R+U_L) = U_VB -> eq1
Is my attempt correct? i am not confident please help.
The operation of a transmission line is based on the axial propagation of electromagnetic waves between the two line conductors. However, the study of the transmission lines does not focus on E and B waves but on voltage and current waves.
It is considered that there are resistance...
For this problem,
The solution is,
However, dose anybody please know why the graphs for ##V_1## and ##V_2## are discontinuous where they cross the time axis?
Many thanks!
Hello. I am creating a boost circuit and there is a lot of problems while testing.
Before creating circuit i have simulated circuit in modelsim.
Problems.
1. Sudden voltage rise from 40% to 50 % dury cycle. ( i am checking each duty cycle )
2. When applying a gate voltage to mosfet the the...
I would like to make the solar system a bit smarter. The challenge is that the voltage is high (up to 351Vdc) and the solar negative is typically 40-70V UNDER the "system ground". "System ground" is shared among battery negative, charger negative, inverter ground and ground cable digged down...
I tried doing three loops. For the bottom I did 9-I1(1) + I2(1) - I3(10) -12 = 0, for the upper left corner I did 12 - I2(1)- I2(5) = 0, for the upper right corner I did 9 - I1(1) - I1(8) = 0. I came to I1 =1, I2 =2 and I3 = .2. This was incorrect, I don't think I am summing the currents...
I am working with HS students on measuring Current Gradients in Copper for their science project " Current Gradients in the human body during surgical cauterization". Next year I was thing of putting a thin sheet of
Copper over strong magnets and using the Voltage gradient to draw the Current...
Hi guys,
I am struggling to find the answer on Google and at forums. I am experimenting with two sheets of aluminum foil that are separated by a thin plastic foil. In theorie they should be attracted to each other if I connect one foil to power and other to ground of a DC voltage source. I am...
Why do we have a charge in the denominator of equations for voltage and el. potential if both voltage and el. potential are not dependent on charge?
Is it just because that was the only way to derive the formula for voltage and then we realized we don't need q? U=W/q --> U=eqd/q.
If I resolve the equation in 0, imposing a voltage value of 5 mV, it gives a non real solution, therefore I cannot resolve it for R=1 because I do not know which voltage value to impose. I am sure this is simpler than I am putting it :) thanks for any advice!